The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumors - A Focus on signaling pathways interplay.

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common testicular neoplasms in adolescents and young males. Understanding the genetic basis of TGCTs represents a growing need to cope with the increased incidence of these neoplasms. Although the cure rates have been comparatively increased, investigation of mechanisms underlying the incidence, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance is still necessary. Early diagnosis and non-compulsory clinical therapeutic agents without long-term side effects are now required to reduce the cancer burden, especially in the younger age groups. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control an extensive range of cellular functions and exhibit a pivotal action in the development and spreading of TGCTs. Because of their dysregulation and disruption in function, miRNAs have been linked to the malignant pathophysiology of TGCTs by influencing many cellular functions involved in the disease. These biological processes include increased invasive and proliferative perspective, cell cycle dysregulation, apoptosis disruption, stimulation of angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, and resistance to certain treatments. Herein, we present an up-to-date review of the biogenesis of miRNAs, miRNA regulatory mechanisms, clinical challenges, and therapeutic interventions of TGCTs, and role of nanoparticles in the treatment of TGCTs.

miRNAs orchestration of testicular germ cell tumors - Particular emphasis on diagnosis, progression and drug resistance.

Testicular cancer (TC) is one of the most frequently incident solid tumors in males. A growing prevalence has been documented in developed countries. Although recent advances have made TC an exceedingly treatable cancer, numerous zones in TC care still have divisive treatment decisions. In addition to physical examination and imaging techniques, conventional serum tumor markers have been traditionally used for the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). Unlike other genital and urinary tract tumors, recent research methods have not been broadly used in TGCTs. Even though several challenges in TC care must be addressed, a dedicated group of biomarkers could be particularly beneficial to help classify patient risk, detect relapse early, guide surgery decisions, and tailor follow-up. Existing tumor markers (Alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotrophin, and lactate dehydrogenase) have limited accuracy and sensitivity when used as diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive markers. At present, microRNAs (miRNA or miR) play a crucial role in the process of several malignancies. The miRNAs exhibit pronounced potential as novel biomarkers since they reveal high stability in body fluids, are easily detected, and are relatively inexpensive in quantitative assays. In this review, we aimed to shed light on the recent novelties in developing microRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers in TC and discuss their clinical applications in TC management.

miRNAs as potential game-changers in retinoblastoma: Future clinical and medicinal uses.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare tumor in children, but it is the most common primitive intraocular malignancy in childhood age, especially those below three years old. The RB gene (RB1) undergoes mutations in individuals with RB. Although mortality rates remain high in developing countries, the survival rate for this type of cancer is greater than 95-98% in industrialized countries. However, it is lethal if left untreated, so early diagnosis is essential. As a non-coding RNA, miRNA significantly impacts RB development and treatment resistance because it can control various cellular functions. In this review, we illustrate the recent advances in the role of miRNAs in RB. That includes the clinical importance of miRNAs in RB diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in RB and therapeutic interventions are discussed.

miRNAs role in cervical cancer pathogenesis and targeted therapy: Signaling pathways interplay.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the primary cause of cancer deaths in underdeveloped countries. The persistence of infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant contributor to the development of CC. However, few women with morphologic HPV infection develop invasive illnesses, suggesting other mechanisms contribute to cervical carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are small chain nucleic acids that can regulate wide networks of cellular events. They can inhibit or degrade their target protein-encoding genes. They had the power to regulate CC's invasion, pathophysiology, angiogenesis, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle phases. Further research is required, even though novel methods have been developed for employing miRNAs in the diagnosis, and treatment of CC. We'll go through some of the new findings about miRNAs and their function in CC below. The function of miRNAs in the development of CC and its treatment is one of these. Clinical uses of miRNAs in the analysis, prediction, and management of CC are also covered.

Effect of Nigella Sativa oil versus metformin on glycemic control and biochemical parameters of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

PURPOSE: Nature is a phenomenal treasure of remedies. Numerous previous studies reported that Nigella sativa NS improved glycemic control, reduced insulin resistance, and improved lipid profile. NS was never investigated before as a monotherapy for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM patients. Our aim was to investigate the potential metabolic benefits of NS monotherapy in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. METHOD: Prospective, open-label randomized clinical trial at outpatient endocrinology clinic at Ain-Shams University hospital. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to either metformin tablets or NS oil capsules. Both groups received treatment for 3 months. Glycemic index (FBG, 2 h pp, A1C, insulin sensitivity %S, secretory function %B, insulin resistance IR), lipid profile (TC, LDL, HDL, TG), liver and kidney functions (AST, ALT, Sr cr), total antioxidant capacity TAC, weight, waist circumference WC and body mass index BMI were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment period. RESULTS: A concentration of 1350 mg/day NS in newly diagnosed T2DM patients was inferior to metformin in terms of lowering FBG, 2 h pp, and A1C or increasing %B. However, NS was comparable to metformin in lowering weight, WC, and BMI significantly. NS was comparable to metformin in regards of their effects on fasting insulin, %S, IR, ALT, TC, LDL, HDL, TG, and TAC. Metformin showed significant increase in AST and creatinine which was reserved in NS group. CONCLUSION: NS administration in newly diagnosed T2DM was tolerable with no side effects as compared to metformin; however, it was inferior to metformin in terms of diabetes management.